Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development,originally published in 1950 outlined Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development Explained eight stages that an individual is able to go through in order to attain health. Each stage involves a crisis that either builds or destroys personality. The theory is based off Freud’s psychosexual phases,and also incorporates social influences. It has been criticized due to its generalisations but it has remained an integral part of the psychological process of thinking. It is also helpful in changing the way we think about the ages of middle and late adulthood making them appear as a time of active personal growth rather than an opportunity to live.
Infancy is the first stage and lasts for about 18 months. During this stage infancy,infants are completely dependent on the caregiver. They develop trust through watching their caregivers’ reactions to their needs,such as feeding or providing comfort. This stage is critical for the building of self-esteem and a feeling of security.
The toddler stage is Erikson’s next stage of psychosocial growth and takes place between 18 months to 2 years. It is at this point that a child’s sense of independence develops. The success or failure during this period will have a a significant influence on the development of their personality. If a child fails overcome feelings of doubt or shame during this time,they will remain in a battle with these feelings throughout their life. If children are able to be successful in this stage and develop a deep bond,they will be able to form meaningful friendships later on in their lives.
The third phase of Erikson’s model is preschool,which occurs between the ages of 3 and 5. In this age group,children are learning to communicate with other people,as well as an increased sense of self-confidence. This is the stage when parents and teachers must focus on encouraging and positive interactions with their children. Positive interactions can foster children’s independence,as well as provide guidance and assistance. The negative interactions,such as the indifference or criticism,can affect a child’s confidence as well as self-esteem.
The elementary school is the fourth stage of Erikson’s concept and takes place between six and twelve years of age. This is the stage when the child begins to feel pressured by being accepted by others like teachers and their peers. This is also a time that a child starts to develop their sense of accomplishment or the ability to work hard towards objectives and goals. Children who are acknowledged for their efforts and encouraged by their instructors will be able to create a sense of accomplishment and not have to compare themselves to others.
During the middle adulthood stage most people are focused on career and family life however,this is a time when many people start to think about their own mortality. There is also an underlying regret over the things they did or didn’t take part in. If someone is able to conquer the obstacles of this stage,they are likely to enjoy a fulfilling and prosperous retirement. If they fail to resolve these issues and face an unplanned crisis in their mid-life that could lead to serious mental health issues.